RESUMO O objetivo da pesquisa foi promover uma dinâmica de construção e recuperação da memória histórica que identifique e documente as vozes das vítimas do conflito armado no distrito de Riachuelo, Santander; por meio da metodologia qualitativa de pesquisa-ação participativa e utilizando a observação, entrevistas semiestruturadas e oficinas coletivas como instrumentos de coleta de informações. Como resultado, apresenta-se a caracterização das narrativas dos moradores do Riachuelo sobre três lugares representativos do território e nos quais, durante o conflito, os paramilitares exerceram o controle. Atualmente, os habitantes do corregimiento estão relutantes em falar sobre o passado violento, dadas as diferentes interpretações e afetações que deixou para trás; no entanto, eles compartilham narrativas sobre El Salto, o Colegio e a iglesia como imaginários culturais, evitando significados mais profundos por meio de narrativas mitico-religiosas.

ABSTRACT The aim of the research was to promote a dynamic of construction and recovery of historical memory that identifies and documents the voices of the victims of the armed conflict in the district of Riachuelo, Santander. The methodology was the qualitative participatory action research in whose frame were used three instruments for collecting information: observation, semi-structured interviews and collective workshops. As a result, is presented the characterization of the narrations that Riachuelo's inhabitants make about three representative places of the territory and in which, during the conflict, the paramilitaries exercised control. Currently, the inhabitants of this jurisdiction are reluctant to talk about the violent past, given the different interpretations and affectations that it left behind; however, they share narratives about El Salto, the school and the church as cultural imaginaries, avoiding deeper meanings through mythical-religious narratives.

RESUMEN La investigación tuvo como objetivo propiciar una dinámica de construcción y recuperación de la memoria histórica que identifique y documente las voces de las víctimas del conflicto armado del corregimiento de Riachuelo, Santander. La metodologia que guio el proceso fue la investigación acción participativa, de corte cualitativo; además, se usaron tres instrumentos de recolección de información: observación, entrevista semiestructurada y talleres colectivos. Como resultado se presenta la caracterización de las narraciones que los habitantes del corregimiento hacen sobre tres lugares representativos del territorio y en los cuales, durante el conflicto, ejercieron control los grupos paramilitares. En la actualidad, los habitantes del corregimiento se tornan renuentes a conversar sobre el pasado violento, dadas las diferentes interpretaciones y afectaciones que este dejó; no obstante, comparten narraciones sobre El Salto, el colegio y la iglesia como imaginarios culturales, soslayando significados más profundos a través de narraciones mitico-religiosas.

Abstract: In this work, I analyze Albertina Carri’s Cuatreros as an essay film. Firstly, I focus on the outlining of the broken image that the film advances and also on the representational strategies that allow me to explore the thematic and properly visual features that link Carri’s work with the essay. Secondly, I analyze the ethical and aesthetic consequences of the film’s formal resources. I propose that the elaboration of a tapestry image works primarily as a non-systematic method to examine both personal and filmic memories. I offer a close reading of the audio-visual text that pays attention to its specificities as a medium, but that also goes back to concepts from the literary theorization of the essay form that are relevant to analyze the essay film. The conclusions show that in Cuatreros an interplay is established between an intimate-biographical dimension and a broader one ─namely, the issue of representing the dictatorial history of Argentina’s recent past.

Resumen: En este trabajo analizo Cuatreros (2016) de Albertina Carri como ensayo fílmico. En primer lugar, me concentro en la definición de la imagen quebrada del filme y en las estrategias de representación que permitirán ahondar en las características temáticas y visuales que emparentan la obra de Carri con el ensayo. En segundo lugar, analizo las consecuencias estéticas y éticas de los recursos formales de la película. Planteo que la estructuración de una imagen tapiz funciona, principalmente, como método asistemático de investigación de la memoria fílmica y personal. El análisis apuesta por una lectura detallada del texto audiovisual, atendiendo a sus especificidades como soporte, pero retomando conceptos de la teoría literaria del ensayo pertinentes para pensar el ensayo fílmico. Las conclusiones del análisis indican que en Cuatreros se establece un entrecruzamiento entre la dimensión íntima-biográfica con la dimensión más amplia: el problema de la representación de la historia dictatorial del pasado reciente argentino.

ABSTRACT Objective To study the effect of using a one time high dose “stoss therapy” of vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol: VD2) on indices of insulin sensitivity {whole body sensitivity index: WBISI} and secretion {insulinogenic index: IGI} measured during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in obese adolescents with VDD (25 OHD; serum metabolite of vit D: < 30 ng/dL). Subjects and methods In a randomized placebo controlled cross over design 20 obese adolescents with vitamin D deficiency (VDD) had baseline OGTT. Arm A received one time high dose 300,000 IU of ergocalciferol and Arm B received placebo. After 6 weeks the adolescents were reassigned to Arm A if they were in Arm B and vice versa. 25OHD, calcium, parathyroid hormone, comprehensive metabolic panel, urine calcium creatinine ratio were measured at each study visit. OGTTs to assess indices of sensitivity and secretion were done at baseline, 6 weeks and 12 weeks respectively. Results Adolescents were obese and insulin resistant (mean ± SD: mean age = 15.1 ± 1.9 years; BMI: 32.7 ± 9.8; homeostatic model of insulin resistance: HOMA-IR: 4.2 ± 2.8). Stoss therapy with VD2 increased 25OHD from baseline (16.7 ± 2.9 to 19.5 ± 4.5; p = 0.0029) when compared to the placebo. WBISI (2.8 ± 1.9) showed a trend towards improvement in Rx group (p = 0.0577) after adjustment for covariates. IGI (3 ± 2.2) showed an improvement in both Rx and placebo groups. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that using a high dose of VD2 (300,000 IU) did not have any beneficial effect on insulin sensitivity (whole body sensitivity index {WBISI}) and secretory indices (insulinogenic index {IGI}) in obese adolescents. High dose “stoss therapy” of VD2 did not appear to have any beneficial effect on glucose homeostasis on obese adolescents.

Introduction An active lifestyle, characterized by a regular pattern of leisure time physical activity along the lifespan, improves cognitive functioning and mental health. To join in sports activities or exercise programs is associated with a better quality of life, and people who engage in these activities show not only a better physical fitness, but a better psychological and emotional wellbeing. An active lifestyle provides an apparent protective effect against the incidence of disorders such as anxiety or depression. However, in this regard, the dose-response in terms of what type, amount, duration and intensity of physical activity is necessary for achieving improvements has not been well established in studies with large samples. Objetives The aim of this study is to provide evidence that, from a descriptive point of view, shows the association between different indicators of mental health in the Spanish adult population and leisure time physical activity practice, also assessing the level of this leisure time physical activity. Methods Data were obtained from the last Spanish National Health Survey, a cross-sectional study conducted by the Ministry of Health and Social Policy Institute for Health Information-Spain, between June 2006 and June 2007. The sample was representative of the Spanish adult population. Persons over 16 years took part in this study, being the reference population available in the last official census (January 1, 2006). A total of 29 478 persons (11 645 men and 1 7 833 women, older than 1 6 years) were interviewed using the National Health Survey Questionnaire 2006. It was designed as multistage sampling, stratified cluster in which the first units were census tracts distributed by population size; the second stage units are the main family dwellings, and the last unit was selected as a person over 1 6 years from each dwelling. The census tracts studied were selected within each stratum with proportional probability to size with the goal of this whole procedure would lead to self-weighting samples in each stratum, and households and individuals were selected by a random procedure, taking into account sampling quotas for age and sex. The sampling error for a confidence interval was 95.5% ± 0.6%. To minimize seasonal biases in the study, in terms of morbidity and lifestyle, the questionnaire was administered in four phases over the year: each stage involved 15 days, and the reference period of each variable explored comprised two weeks one year from the day of data collection. The gathering of information was conducted by trained interviewers. Leisure time physical activity pattern was obtained through this questionnaire by the question: «Usually, do you engage in any leisure time physical activity such as walking, sports, gymnastics ...?» This question could be answered «yes» or «no». Those who responded affirmatively were asked to describe the amount of physical activity in the last two weeks, in bouts of 20 or more minutes, in response to three levels of physical activity: light (<3.0 times resting energy expenditure), moderate (3.0 to 5.9 times resting energy expenditure) or vigorous (>6.0 times resting energy expenditure), providing the interviewer at least five examples of each level of activity. People who reported any amount of leisure time physical activity were classified into three groups based on the recommendations of physical activity practice for adults from the American Heart Association: insufficiently active (people who engage in some kind of physical activity, but do not meet the minimum recommendation to maintain health), moderately active (150 or more minutes of moderate physical activity, weekly) and vigorously active (60 or more minutes of vigorous physical activity, weekly). To assess mental health, we used a subjective mental health index obtained through a 12 items questionnaire (General Health Questionnaire, GHQ-12) designed for diagnosing psychiatric disorders, widely used in international literature and validated for Spanish adult population. The score ranges from 0 to 1 2 points, from the better mental health to the worse mental health. To facilitate statistical comparison, individuals are grouped into percentiles, containing the 95th percentile for people with worse mental health. Other variables included in this study were: age group, gender, perceived health status, history of depression or mental illness throughout life, depression or mental illness in the last 12 months, diagnosed depression, anxiety or other mental disorders at some time, psychiatrist attendance in the last 12 months, and finally, use of antidepressants, anxiolytics or other mental drugs for the past 12 months. We used a multinomial logistic regression to model the association between variables and calculating the odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval 95% (CI) to determine the degree of association between leisure time physical activity and mental-health related factors, taking into account gender and age group. Also, the association between the level of practice and mental health-related factors as studied in both sexes. The statistical treatment of data was performed trough the SPSS statistical package software (15.0 version). Results Leisure time physical activity is associated with a higher prevalence of perceived good or very good health status, and with a better assessment on the GHQ scale of subjective mental health (50th percentile). In terms of levels of practice, it seems that any amount of leisure time physical activity was associated with a higher probability of showing better perceived health status (p<0.001) and good GHQ index (p<0.001 ) in both sexes, although the degree of association grows proportionally to the level of practice of physical activity achieved. In both sexes, vigorous activity level is strongly associated with the studied variables, showing that there are more positive indicators of mental well-being in more vigorously active subjects, being the only exception psychiatrist attendance for females. For men, there is an association at this level of vigorous physical activity with a smaller number of psychiatrist attendance (p<0.05), but this association is less than the relationship with other variables, in which there is a higher significance level (p<0.001). For the lower levels of physical activity, the relationship of practice with these variables is not significant on many occasions. Sometimes, there is no difference between those classified as insufficiently actives (not reaching the minimum) and those who have a pattern of physical activity considered as moderate, and even the differences are in favour of those individuals insufficiently active. Such is the case of the use of medication for mental health in men or psychiatrist attendance in the case of women, less probable in insufficiently active group than in the other two groups (moderate and vigorous leisure time physical activity). Conclusion Practicing a physical activity during leisure time is associated with a lower prevalence of negative mental health indicators.

Introducción La práctica de actividad física a lo largo de la vida favorece el mantenimiento de las funciones cognitivas y se asocia habitualmente a una mejor salud mental. Invertir tiempo en realizar deporte o hacer ejercicio físico se asocia con una mejor calidad de vida en las personas que realizan regularmente estas actividades, y participar en programas de ejercicio físico dirigidos puede mejorar diferentes dimensiones del bienestar psicológico y emocional. Un estilo de vida activo otorga un aparente efecto protector ante la incidencia de trastornos como la ansiedad o la depresión; no obstante, la relación dosis-respuesta en términos de qué tipo, cantidad, duración e intensidad de la actividad física es necesaria para lograr mejorías en este sentido, no ha sido muy bien establecida en estudios con grandes muestras, y aún menos en los que se describa la relación con la actividad física durante el tiempo libre. Objetivo El objetivo del presente trabajo es aportar datos que desde un punto de vista descriptivo permitan contrastar la asociación entre diferentes indicadores de salud mental en la población española y la práctica de actividad física durante el tiempo libre, valorando también el nivel de actividad física realizado habitualmente. Métodos Los datos empleados en este artículo forman parte de un estudio transversal llevado a cabo por el Ministerio de Sanidad y Política Social-Instituto de Información Sanitaria de España, comenzado en el año 2006. La muestra estaba compuesta por sujetos mayores de 16 años, siendo la población de referencia el último censo oficial disponible. Fue entrevistado un total de 29 478 personas (11 645 hombres y 1 7 833 mujeres mayores de 1 6 años) con el Cuestionario Nacional de Salud del año 2006. Se evaluó la práctica de actividad física durante el tiempo libre y el nivel de práctica, de acuerdo a las recomendaciones existentes para mantener la salud, y se obtuvo un índice de salud mental por medio de un cuestionario de 12 ítems (General Health Questionnaire, GHQ-12), además de otras variables relacionadas con la salud mental. Resultados Se puede observar tanto en hombres como en mujeres de los diferentes grupos de edad, que realizar actividad física se asocia con una mejor valoración en la escala GHQ-1 2. En función del nivel de práctica, cualquier cantidad de ejercicio físico durante el tiempo libre se relaciona con una mayor probabilidad de mostrar mejor estado de salud percibida (p<0,001) y mejor puntuación en el cuestionario GHQ-12 (p<0,001) en ambos sexos, aunque el grado de asociación estimado (OR) crece proporcionalmente al nivel de práctica de actividad física alcanzado. Conclusiones Practicar actividad física durante el tiempo libre se asocia con una menor prevalencia de indicadores negativos de salud mental. Por medio de los diferentes indicadores estudiados se observa una mejor salud mental en las personas de ambos sexos que realizan práctica de actividad física vigorosa.

Este estudo qualitativo teve o objetivo de conhecer o autocuidado tradicional de mulheres nativas durante a gravidez, parto e com o recém-nascido. Foram realizadas 16 entrevistas semi-estruturadas com mães e parteiras de uma comunidade nativa peruana. Com o suporte da teoria das representações sociais e o método etnográfico, emergiram três categorias temáticas: os símbolos e práticas tradicionais representadas no cuidar-se, preparam a gestante para um parto fácil; a parteira, saberes, práticas e objetos durante o parto representam proteção para o bebê; a parteira e a mãe garantem os cuidados imediatos e alimentação do recém-nascido. Finalmente, as práticas tradicionais de autocuidado são consideradas de senso comum, transmitidas de geração em geração e destacam a mulher cuidadora. Objetiva-se o respeito por sua cosmovisão e natureza, e a âncora do autocuidado está arraigada em seus costumes, crenças, símbolos e imagens, mas com pouca integração ao cuidado e saúde ocidental.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to better understand traditional self care about pregnancy, delivery, and for the newborn among native women. For data collection, 16 semi-structured interviews with mothers and midwives of a Peruvian native community were carried out. Upon the support of the social representations theory and ethnographic method, three thematic categories were identified: the symbols and traditional practices represented in applying self-care; preparing the pregnant woman for an easy delivery; the midwife, knowledge, practices, and things during the delivery that represent protection for the baby; and the midwife and the mother assure immediate care and feeding of the newborn. Finally, the practices of traditional self care are considered to be common sense, transmitted by generations, highlighting the woman caregiver. Respect for their cosmo-vision and nature was observed; and the self care anchor is rooted in their customs, beliefs, symbols, and images, with a little integration of occidental care and health.

Este estudio cualitativo tuvo el objetivo de conocer el autocuidado tradicional de mujeres nativas durante el embarazo, el parto y al recién nacido. Fueron efectuadas 16 entrevistas parcialmente estructuradas a madres y parteras de una comunidad nativa peruana. Con el soporte de la teoría de las representaciones sociales y el método etnográfico, emergieron tres categorías temáticas: los símbolos y prácticas tradicionales representadas al cuidarse, preparan a la gestante para un parto fácil; la partera, saberes, prácticas y objetos durante el parto, representan protección para el bebé; la partera y la madre aseguran los cuidados inmediatos y la alimentación del recién nacido. Finalmente, las prácticas de autocuidado tradicional se consideran de sentido común, transmitidas generacionalmente y destacando la mujer cuidadora. Se objetiva respeto por su cosmovisión y naturaleza; y el anclaje de auto cuidado está arraigado a sus costumbres, creencias, símbolos e imágenes, con poca integración del cuidado y salud occidental.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to better understand traditional self care about pregnancy, delivery, and for the newborn among native women. For data collection, 16 semi-structured interviews with mothers and midwives of a Peruvian native community were carried out. Upon the support of the social representations theory and ethnographic method, three thematic categories were identified: the symbols and traditional practices represented in applying self-care; preparing the pregnant woman for an easy delivery; the midwife, knowledge, practices, and things during the delivery that represent protection for the baby; and the midwife and the mother assure immediate care and feeding of the newborn. Finally, the practices of traditional self care are considered to be common sense, transmitted by generations, highlighting the woman caregiver. Respect for their cosmo-vision and nature was observed; and the self care anchor is rooted in their customs, beliefs, symbols, and images, with a little integration of occidental care and health.

Este estudio cualitativo tuvo el objetivo de conocer el autocuidado tradicional de mujeres nativas durante el embarazo, el parto y al recién nacido. Fueron efectuadas 16 entrevistas parcialmente estructuradas a madres y parteras de una comunidad nativa peruana. Con el soporte de la teoría de las representaciones sociales y el método etnográfico, emergieron tres categorías temáticas: los símbolos y prácticas tradicionales representadas al cuidarse, preparan a la gestante para un parto fácil; la partera, saberes, prácticas y objetos durante el parto, representan protección para el bebé; la partera y la madre aseguran los cuidados inmediatos y la alimentación del recién nacido. Finalmente, las prácticas de autocuidado tradicional se consideran de sentido común, transmitidas generacionalmente y destacando la mujer cuidadora. Se objetiva respeto por su cosmovisión y naturaleza; y el anclaje de auto cuidado está arraigado a sus costumbres, creencias, símbolos e imágenes, con poca integración del cuidado y salud occidental.

Este estudo qualitativo teve o objetivo de conhecer o autocuidado tradicional de mulheres nativas durante a gravidez, parto e com o recém-nascido. Foram realizadas 16 entrevistas semi-estruturadas com mães e parteiras de uma comunidade nativa peruana. Com o suporte da teoria das representações sociais e o método etnográfico, emergiram três categorias temáticas: os símbolos e práticas tradicionais representadas no cuidar-se, preparam a gestante para um parto fácil; a parteira, saberes, práticas e objetos durante o parto representam proteção para o bebê; a parteira e a mãe garantem os cuidados imediatos e alimentação do recém-nascido. Finalmente, as práticas tradicionais de autocuidado são consideradas de senso comum, transmitidas de geração em geração e destacam a mulher cuidadora. Objetiva-se o respeito por sua cosmovisão e natureza, e a âncora do autocuidado está arraigada em seus costumes, crenças, símbolos e imagens, mas com pouca integração ao cuidado e saúde ocidental.

A series of already published and unpublished seroepidemiological surveys for toxoplasmosis, carried out in Chile in 1982-1994, is reviewed, expanded and analyzed. The surveys included 76,317 apparently healthy individuals of different ages (0.57% of the country's total population), from 309 urban and rural-periurban localities. Urban groups were integrated by blood donors, delivering mothers and middle grade schoolchildren, while rural-periurban individuals corresponded to unselected family groups. Blood samples were collected in filter paper. The presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii was determined by the indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT), titers > 16 were considered positive. The test resulted positive in 28,124 (36.9%) of the surveyed people. Two hundred and six (0.3%) individuals presented IHAT titers > 1000, probably corresponding to acute or reactivated infections. A progressive increase of positive IHAT from northern to southern regions of the country was noted, phenomenom probably related to geographical conditions and to a higher production and consumption of different types of meat in the latter regions. It is postulated that ingestion of T. gondii cysts by humans is epidemiologically as important as ingestion of oocysts. The results presented stress the epidemiological importance of toxoplasmosis in humans, and warn about eventual implications in immunocompromised patients and in transplacental transmission, organ transplants and transfusions.

En este trabajo se revisa, se amplía y se analiza en conjunto una serie de encuestas seroepidemiológicas sobre toxoplasmosis efectuadas en Chile entre 1982 y 1994, utilizando la reacción de hemaglutinación indirecta (RHAI). El estudio incluyó 76.317 personas aparentemente sanas de diferentes edades (0,57% de la problación total del país), procedentes de 309 localidades urbanas y rural-periurbanas. Los grupos urbanos estuvieron constituídos por donantes de sangre, parturientas y escolares del nivel medio de la enseñanza básica, mientras que los habitantes rural-periurbanos correspondieron a grupos familiares no seleccionados. Las muestras de sangre fueron recolectadas en papel filtro, y fueron consideradas positivas las RHAI con títulos > 16. La RHAI resultó positiva en un total de 28.124 (36,9%) de las personas encuestadas, encontrándose títulos > 1000 en 206 (0,3%) individuos, los que probablemente correspondieron a infecciones agudas o reactivadas. Hubo un progresivo incremento de las RHAI positivas desde las regiones del extremo norte hacia las regiones del extremo sur del país, lo que podría relacionarse con una mayor humedad ambiental y con una mayor producción y consumo de diferentes tipos de carne en estas últimas. Los resultados presentados destacan la importancia de la toxoplasmosis en el hombre y alertan sobre eventuales implicancias en pacientes inmunocomprometidos, en la transmisión transplacentaria, transplantes de órganos y transfusiones.